Nonlinear Spectroscopy: Theory and Applications. VIII. Higher-Order Nonlinear Spectroscopy.

Nonlinear optics and spectroscopy.

The development of masers and lasers has been reviewed in the 1964 Nobel lectures by Townes (1) and by Basov (2) and Prokhorov (3). They have sketched the evolution of the laser from their predecessors, the microwave beam and solid state masers. Lasers are sources of coherent light, characterized by a high degree of monochromaticity, high directionality and high intensity or brightness. To illu...

Local deep level transient spectroscopy using super-higher-order scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy

Nonlinear photoacoustic spectroscopy of hemoglobin.

As light intensity increases in photoacoustic imaging, the saturation of optical absorption and the temperature dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient result in a measurable nonlinear dependence of the photoacoustic (PA) signal on the excitation pulse fluence. Here, under controlled conditions, we investigate the intensity-dependent photoacoustic signals from oxygenated and deoxygenate...

High Resolution Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy

High resolution laser techniques were developed that address the problems listed above. The techniques are collectively called site selective laser spectroscopy. They relied upon the idea that a narrow band laser could be tuned to excite selectively an absorption line of a specific component or site within a sample so the resulting fluorescence spectrum came only from the site or component exci...

Introduction to nonlinear optical spectroscopy